Working as an investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Committee, sociologist Lewis Hine documented the working and living conditions of children in


















the United States between 1908 and 1924.

He travelled around 50,000 miles a year, photographing children from Chicago to Florida working in coal mines, factories and cotton mills for the lobbying organisation.

His hard-hitting body of work, profiled by America Suburb X consists of more than 5,000 images, ultimately helped bring about stricter labour laws and gave youngsters their childhoods back.


Tragic: Some young dirt-covered boys, whose ages and identities are unknown, working in Avondale Mills in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1910

Wanted: A sign seeking young boys to work in button works in West 19th Street, New York, New York on 1916

His poignant pictures show young children with their faces covered in dirt who have spent most of their lives working in horrendous conditions.

Many sustained broken bones and suffered from stunted growth and curvature of the spine because of the unsafe conditions and worked long hours on poor pay.

The photographer would sneak into factories, often hiding his camera and posing as a fire inspector. He risked being beaten by managers if they discovered him.


Hine secretly interviewed his subjects, noting down their ages and duties in a notepad he kept hidden in his jacket.

He captioned his photos accordingly and made no attempt to exaggerate their poverty, arguing that people were more likely to support a campaign against child labour if they felt the pictures accurately depicted the conditions.

The demand for child labour was a result of the boom in industry at the end of the 19th century. Businesses sought immigrant and child workers to complete cheap labour. Many saw children, with their small hands and energy, as ideal employees.

Intense: Ten-year-old John Campbell, right, had been working at a mill for three years. Roy Little, 12, left, said he had been in the mill for two years and had worked nights for nine months in Gastonia, North Carolina, 1908




Tiring: A 'Driver Boy', who would have dumped the coal from the mule-drawn mine cars, in Fairmont, West Virginia in 1908




Hard work: A boy from Loray Mill, who said he had 'Been at it right smart two years,' in Gastonia, North Carolina,1908

Sick: Bob Burton, 15, was anemic and had been in a mill for eight years in Gastonia, North Carolina, 1908




Education: 14-year-old Joseph Feree had been kept out of school for general farm work in West Point, Kentucky, 1916

But at the turn of the century, some reformists started voicing their concerns over the children's welfare and the negative effects on their education. There were fears the practice would stunt America in years to come because of a high number of overworked, under-educated youths.

Set up on 1904, the National Child Labour Committee worked state by state to lobby legislatures to adopt regulations. In 1915, its efforts started to focus on the federal level.

In 1916, Congress agreed to pass legislation to protect children and restrictions were placed on the employment of children aged under 14 in factories and shops.

And in 1938, after a series of failed or retracted laws, the Committee supported the Fair Labor Standards Act, which prohibited any interstate commerce of goods made through oppressive child labor.

'Oppressive child labor' was defined as any form of employment for children under sixteen and any particularly hazardous occupation for children ages sixteen to eighteen, excluding agricultural labour.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the bill into law on June 25, 1938; it still stands today and acts as the basic protection for children across the U.S.







Hands on: Drivers at a mine in Gary, West Virginia in 1908 where much of the mining and carrying is done by machinery











Grubby: A young boy named Shorpy Higginbotham in Bessie Mine, Alabama in 1910







Tough conditions: A 'Trapper Boy' who had to stoop on account of a low roof at Turkey Knob Mine in Macdonald, West Virginia, in 1908, left, and an 'old time newsboy' in St. Louis, Missouri in 1910, right






Unknown: A young boy named Eugene Dalton who worked in Fort Worth, Texas in 1913




Cramped: Jo Benevidos sits curled up in a doffing box, eating his lunch in Fall River, Massachusetts

Tough: A widow and a young boy rolling papers for cigarettes in a dirty New York tenement, 1908



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